Florida Department of Education
Curriculum Framework

The standards and benchmarks for this program were updated for the 2026-27 academic year.

Program Title: 	Diagnostic Medical Sonography Technology
Career Cluster: 	Health Science

Associate in Science	
CIP Number	1351091004	
Program Type	College Credit	
Program Length	77 credit hours	
CTSO	HOSA	
SOC Codes (all applicable) 	For program SOC codes, please see the Program and Course Tables section of the CTE Program Resources page linked below.	
CTE Program Resources 	http://www.fldoe.org/academics/career-adult-edu/career-tech-edu/program-resources.stml	

Purpose

This program offers a sequence of courses that provides coherent and rigorous content aligned with challenging academic standards and relevant technical knowledge and skills needed to prepare for further education and careers in the Health Science career cluster; provides technical skill proficiency, and includes competency-based applied learning that contributes to the academic knowledge, higher-order reasoning and problem-solving skills, work attitudes, general employability skills, technical skills, and occupation-specific skills, and knowledge of all aspects of Health Science career cluster. 

The program is designed to prepare students for employment as diagnostic medical sonographers or to provide supplemental training for persons previously or currently employed in this occupation.

The content includes but is not limited to anatomy, physiology and pathology of the abdominal, pelvic, and urogenital structures; physics; instrumentation; equipment standards; biological effect of ultrasound; patient care; clinical medicine; applications and limitations of ultrasound; related diagnostic procedures; image evaluation; administration; first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; employability skills; leadership and human relations skills; health and safety.

Additional Information relevant to this Career and Technical Education (CTE) program is provided at the end of this document.

Program Structure

This program is a planned sequence of instruction consisting of 77 credit hours.

When developing the course sequence for the local implementation of this program, select courses that:
•	Meet the skill development requirements of the standards and benchmarks of this program.
•	Meet the general education core course requirements of Rule 6A-14.0303, Florida Administrative Code.
•	Where reasonable and practicable, align with programs offered by your institution or other postsecondary institutions in Florida, including: 
o	Related CCC and ATD credentials.
o	Baccalaureate degrees within the same career pathway and/or Federal CIP code.

Visit FloridaShines’ Discover Programs website to identify other institutions that offer similar programs to review their course sequencing. Where appropriate, course alignment between institutions offering related programs can facilitate interagency student articulation.

Visit FloridaShines’ Common Prerequisites Manual to identify courses that are prerequisites for admission into an upper division program.  When sub-baccalaureate courses are aligned to the course admissions requirements of baccalaureate programs with the same career pathway, students can enter upper division coursework seamlessly.   

Florida’s Career Readiness Skills for CTE Programs

Employability Skills	
01.0	Apply academic skills to workplace scenarios.	
01.01	Use reading skills.	
01.02	Use writing skills.	
01.03	Use mathematical strategies and procedures.	
01.04	Use scientific principles and procedures.	
02.0	Design a solution to an industry problem.	
02.01	Use critical thinking.	
02.02	Use creativity.	
02.03	Make sound decisions.	
02.04	Solve problems.	
02.05	Reason. 	
02.06	Plan and organize.	
03.0	Manage resources within an industry project	
03.01	Manage time.	
03.02	Manage money or resources.	
03.03	Manage materials.	
03.04	Manage personnel.	
04.0	Oversee the subcomponents, operations and output of a technical or organizational system.	
04.01	Manage systems.	
04.02	Monitor systems.	
04.03	Improve systems.	
05.0	Use information for decision making.	
05.01	Locate information.	
05.02	Organize information.	
05.03	Use information.	
05.04	Analyze information.	
05.05	Communicate information.	
06.0	Apply relevant technology to workplace scenarios to aid productivity.	
06.01	Use technology.	
07.0	Interpret and express interpersonal communication.	
07.01	Communicate verbally.	
07.02	Listen actively.	
07.03	Comprehend written material.	
07.04	Convey information in writing.	
07.05	Communicate nonverbally.	
07.06	Interpret nonverbal communication.	
08.0	Interact with others to accomplish workplace goals.	
08.01	Collaborate with others in a team.	
08.02	Respond to customer needs.	
08.03	Exercise leadership.	
08.04	Negotiate to resolve conflict.	
08.05	Respect others.	
09.0	Manage personal behavior to maximize productivity and professional growth.	
09.01	Demonstrate responsibility and self-discipline.	
09.02	Adapt and show flexibility.	
09.03	Work independently.	
09.04	Demonstrate a willingness to learn.	
09.05	Demonstrate integrity.	
09.06	Demonstrate professionalism.	
09.07	Take initiative.	
09.08	Display positive attitude.	
09.09	Take responsibility for professional growth.	
Job Attainment	
10.0	Find, assess and apply to job opportunities.	
10.01	Identify online job posts relevant to his or her career aspirations.	
10.02	Compare and contrast the job posts’ required qualifications, job duties, compensation, benefits and employers. 	
10.03	Define what information, documentation and writing prompts are required for the positions.	
11.0	Communicate personal competence, character and fit for a job opportunity.	
11.01	Develop a resume.	
11.02	Write a cover letter.	
11.03	Curate a professional portfolio that includes work products.	
11.04	Prepare for and experience a mock job interview.	
12.0	Cultivate and leverage relationships to professionally advance.	
12.01	Request a signed reference letter, letter of recommendation and/or an online skill/professionalism endorsement. 	
12.02	Develop a plan to cultivate a professional digital footprint.	
12.03	Develop a networking plan for a specific industry of interest.	

Standards

After successfully completing this program, the student will be able to perform the following:

01.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the health care delivery system and health occupations.
02.0	Demonstrate the ability to communicate and use interpersonal skills effectively.
03.0	Demonstrate legal and ethical responsibilities.
04.0	Demonstrate an understanding of and apply wellness and disease concepts.
05.0	Recognize and practice safety and security procedures.
06.0	Recognize and respond to emergency situations.
07.0	Recognize and practice infection control procedures.
08.0	Demonstrate an understanding of information technology applications in healthcare.
09.0	Demonstrate employability skills.
10.0	Demonstrate knowledge of blood-borne diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
11.0	Apply basic math and science skills.
12.0	Demonstrate an understanding of the role and responsibilities of the sonographer regarding ultrasound imaging and patient care. 
13.0	Demonstrate an awareness of the basic principles of ultrasound physics, emphasizing practical relationships of physics to optimizing images for more accurate diagnosis.
14.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the basic principles and instrumentation specific to the field of ultrasound.
15.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of Doppler. 
16.0	Apply knowledge as it pertains to various ultrasound systems in the clinical setting.
17.0	Apply knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to retroperitoneal structures, abdominal organs, cavities, and urinary tract. 
18.0	Apply knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to abdominal Doppler studies. 
19.0	Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques to superficial structures.
20.0	Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques used in sonography of the female pelvis.
21.0	Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to obstetrics.
22.0	Develop a continuous awareness of the disease processes.
23.0	Apply accumulated knowledge to the process of creating and documenting diagnostic sonograms.
24.0	Apply skills needed to effectively perform in the role of an entry-level sonographer.

Florida Department of Education
Student Performance Standards

Program Title: 	Diagnostic Medical Sonography Technology
CIP Number: 		1351091004
Program Length: 	77 credit hours

Standards 1-11 are referred to as the Health Science Core and are required standards in this program. Secondary and Postsecondary students completing the health science core will not have to repeat the core in any other health science program in which it is a part.  When the recommended sequence is followed, the structure allows students to complete at specified points for employment or remain for advanced training or cross-training.  

To ensure consistency whenever these courses are offered, the health science core standards (1-11) and benchmarks have been placed in a separate document. To access this document, visit this link: 
https://www.fldoe.org/core/fileparse.php/20569/urlt/health-sci-core-psav-cc-2324.rtf

At the completion of this program, the student will be able to:	
12.0	Demonstrate an understanding of the role and responsibilities of the sonographer regarding ultrasound imaging and patient care. The student will be able to:	
12.01	Explain the role of the sonographer.	
12.02	Describe the relationship of ultrasound to other imaging modalities.	
12.03	Describe and demonstrate the proper uses of orientation and standard labeling of ultrasound images.	
12.04	Explain the basic concepts of ultrasound equipment available and demonstrate safety in their use and basic techniques of scanning.	
12.05	Explain and demonstrate the criteria for image evaluation, specifically special sonographic parameters.	
12.06	Demonstrate knowledge of scanning with safe exposure levels related to biological effects and the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.	
12.07	Demonstrate and describe proper body mechanics to avoid work-related musculoskeletal disorders when performing sonographic examinations.	
12.08	Describe special problems encountered and methods related to medical ethics and law in sonography.	
12.09	Describe the organizational structure common to most hospitals with emphasis placed on the role of the ultrasound department.	
12.10	Describe the relationship of the sonographer to the patients and their individual needs.	
12.11	Demonstrate professional communication skills required in the healthcare setting. 	
12.12	Explain and demonstrate the methods of patient preparation and care before and during a sonogram.	
12.13	Demonstrate proper body mechanics when transporting or assisting patients with and without support equipment. 	
12.14	Discuss current trends in sonographic technology and techniques.	
12.15	Demonstrate knowledge of medical and sonographic terminology.	
12.16	Demonstrate proper universal precautions and sterile techniques when preparing for a sonographic procedure.	
13.0	Demonstrate an awareness of the basic principles of ultrasound physics, emphasizing practical relationships of physics to optimizing images for more accurate diagnosis. The student will be able to:	
13.01	Explain what sound is and its characteristics.	
13.02	Compare the difference between pulsed and continuous wave ultrasound.	
13.03	Explain amplitude and intensity of sound as they apply to sonography.	
13.04	Describe the causes and effects of attenuation and acoustic impedance on ultrasound.	
13.05	Identify the causes and effects of transmission, reflection, refraction, and scattering of ultrasound.	
13.06	Explain the Doppler effect as it relates to ultrasound.	
13.07	Describe the factors of attenuation versus depth penetration of ultrasound in human tissue.	
13.08	Identify resolution and controlling factors of resolution as applied to sonography.	
13.09	Discuss and demonstrate the basic principles governing sound and sound interaction in various types of tissue.	
13.10	Relate mathematical formulas to the interaction of sound with various media. 	
13.11	Describe resolution and its effect on the final image.	
13.12	Describe and demonstrate the factors that control and determine axial, elevational, and lateral resolution.	
14.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the basic principles and instrumentation specific to the field of ultrasound. The student will be able to:	
14.01	Describe piezoelectric effects.	
14.02	Describe transducer construction.	
14.03	Discuss historical perspectives related to the development of the ultrasound system.	
14.04	Explain and describe how signal processing affects image production and presentations.	
14.05	Discuss basic system operation in the form of block diagrams for real-time and Doppler image production.  	
14.06	Describe and demonstrate the purpose and use of typical controls located on ultrasound systems. 	
14.07	Identify methods of determining and assuring quality control both sonographically and photographically.	
14.08	Discuss and demonstrate common processing techniques, including but not limited to harmonics, persistence, spatial compounding, panoramic imaging, and zoom.	
14.09	Discuss causes, detection, and control of factors that may create biologic effects in human tissue during insonation at the diagnostic medical sonography exposure level.	
15.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of Doppler. The student will be able to: 	
15.01	Explain the general principles of Doppler techniques and the Doppler formula.	
15.02	Describe how pulse wave Doppler is processed and displayed. 	
15.03	Describe how color-flow Doppler is processed and displayed.	
15.04	Describe how power Doppler is processed and displayed.	
15.05	Identify normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms. 	
15.06	Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various Doppler methods.	
15.07	Describe the purpose and use of typical controls used to optimize Doppler acquisition and display, including Doppler measurements.	
15.08	Demonstrate skills required in the typical Sonography setting for obtaining and displaying Doppler.	
16.0	Apply knowledge as it pertains to various ultrasound systems in the clinical setting. The student will be able to:	
16.01	Recall patient exam information for sonographic use on various ultrasound units. 	
16.02	Demonstrate appropriate transducer selection for specific sonographic application.	
16.03	Utilize amplification in all its forms to produce a diagnostic quality sonogram.	
16.04	 Utilize power to produce a diagnostic quality sonogram while maintaining the ALARA principle.	
16.05	Utilize the various forms of processing to produce a diagnostic quality sonogram. 	
16.06	Utilize the various types of scanning modes, imaging techniques, and patient positioning required to produce diagnostic quality sonograms.	
16.07	Recognize and explain typical artifacts as found in sonographic imaging. 	
16.08	Explain the usage of various image storage devices.	
16.09	Explain quality assurance parameters utilizing test objects and phantoms. 	
17.0	Apply knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to retroperitoneal structures, abdominal organs, cavities, and urinary tract. The student will be able to: 	
17.01	Identify the gross anatomy, relational anatomy, and anatomic variants sonographically of the aorta, inferior vena cava, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, spleen, adrenal glands, urinary tract, peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities, stomach, bowel, and lymph nodes.	
17.02	Label the gross upper abdominal organs and cavities in two planes.	
17.03	Label the gross retroperitoneal structures and urinary tract in two planes.	
17.04	Explain screen orientation and its relationship to the upper abdomen and retroperitoneal structures.	
17.05	Explain the physiology of the upper abdominal organs and the related laboratory results. 	
17.06	Explain the physiology and related laboratory results of the retroperitoneal organs, urinary tract, bowel, and peritoneum. 	
17.07	Demonstrate and explain the protocols for sonographic examination of the upper abdominal organs.	
17.08	Demonstrate and explain the protocols for sonographic examination of the retroperitoneal organs, urinary tract, bowel, and peritoneum.	
17.09	Explain the common pathologies related to the upper abdomen, including the sonographic appearance of these pathologies, corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms. 	
17.10	Explain the common pathologies related to the retroperitoneal organs, urinary tract, bowel, and peritoneum, including the sonographic appearance of these pathologies and corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms.  	
17.11	Identify the need for protocol modification based on the sonographic findings and the differential diagnoses.	
17.12	Describe and perform procedures of a complete ultrasound examination of the upper abdomen from preparation to reporting. 	
17.13	Describe and perform procedures of a complete ultrasound examination of the bowel, lymph nodes, urinary tract, retroperitoneum, and peritoneal cavity from preparation to reporting. 	
18.0	Apply knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to abdominal Doppler studies. The student will be able to:	
18.01	Explain the hemodynamics of blood flow.	
18.02	Identify the gross anatomy, relational anatomy, and anatomic variants sonographically of the mesenteric branches, hepatic portal system, as well as native and transplant renal vasculature.	
18.03	 Label the vasculature in two planes. 	
18.04	Demonstrate and explain the protocol for sonographic examination of the mesenteric branches. 	
18.05	Demonstrate and explain the protocol for sonographic examination of the hepatic portal system.	
18.06	Demonstrate and explain the protocol for sonographic examinations of the native and transplant renal vasculature.	
18.07	Explain the common pathologies related to the abdominal vasculature including the sonographic appearance and Doppler patterns of these pathologies, and corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms.  	
18.08	Identify the need for protocol modification based on the sonographic findings, Doppler patterns, and the differential diagnoses.	
18.09	Describe and perform procedures of a complete ultrasound examination of each of the abdominal Doppler studies from preparation to reporting.	
19.0	 Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques to superficial structures. The student will be able to:	
19.01	Identify the gross anatomy, relational anatomy, and anatomic variants of superficial structures as demonstrated by ultrasound including but not limited to: neck, thyroid, abdominal wall, scrotum (testicular), penis, and prostate. 	
19.02	Label superficial structures in two planes.	
19.03	Explain the physiology and related laboratory results of the superficial structures.	
19.04	Demonstrate and explain the protocols for sonographic examination of superficial structures.	
19.05	Explain the common pathologies related to superficial structures, including the sonographic appearance of these pathologies, corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms. 	
19.06	Identify the need for protocol modification based on the sonographic findings and the differential diagnoses.  	
19.07	Describe and perform procedures of a complete ultrasound examination of each of the superficial structures from preparation to reporting.	
20.0	Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques used in sonography of the female pelvis. The student will be able to:	
20.01	Identify the gross female pelvic structures as demonstrated by ultrasound, including but not limited to the female reproductive organs and urinary bladder. 	
20.02	Label the gross female pelvic organs in two planes. 	
20.03	Explain screen orientation and its relationship to the female pelvic structures.	
20.04	Explain the physiology of the female pelvic organs and the related laboratory results.	
20.05	Demonstrate and explain the protocol for sonographic examination of the female pelvic organs. 	
20.06	Explain the common pathologies related to the female pelvis, including the sonographic appearance of these pathologies, corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms.  	
20.07	Describe and perform procedures of a complete ultrasound examination of the female pelvis from preparation to reporting.	
20.08	Discuss when the transabdominal, transvaginal, or translabial pelvic ultrasound approach should be utilized. 	
20.09	Identify the need for protocol modification based on the sonographic findings and the differential diagnoses.  	
21.0	 Apply knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and scanning techniques related to obstetrics. The student will be able to:	
21.01	Identify gross obstetrical structures as demonstrated by ultrasound, including but not limited to the uterus and adnexa in both the pregnant and postpartum state.	
21.02	Discuss anatomy and physiology of the various stages of fetal development as related to ultrasound.	
21.03	Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the placenta at all stages of development.	
21.04	Describe the basic stages of embryology and sonographic relationships.	
21.05	Describe events occurring in the first trimester and their relationship to ultrasound.	
21.06	Explain the physiology of organs related to obstetrics.	
21.07	Demonstrate and explain the protocol for sonographic examinations used in obstetrics. 	
21.08	Discuss protocol modification in the setting of multiple gestations through the various stages of fetal development.	
21.09	Explain the common pathologies related to obstetrics, including the sonographic appearance of these pathologies, corresponding lab values, patient history, and symptoms. 	
21.10	Explain screen orientation and its relationship to the organs related to obstetrics.	
21.11	Describe and perform methods for determining gestational age and fetal growth by ultrasound using appropriate biometrics. 	
21.12	Explain the effects of specific diseases common to the gestational period.	
21.13	Compare the normal and abnormal states of embryology in humans as demonstrated by ultrasound.	
21.14	Perform a biophysical profile to determine fetal well-being.	
21.15	Compare the normal and pathologic appearance of the fetus and the fetal environment.	
21.16	Demonstrate special techniques of ultrasound scanning and collateral processes during pregnancy.	
21.17	Explain and perform the current AIUM protocols under the obstetrical ultrasound guidelines. 	
21.18	Demonstrate and explain the special safety precautions required during an obstetrical ultrasound with a focus on AIUM guidelines. 	
21.19	Describe and perform procedures of a complete obstetrical ultrasound examination from preparation to reporting.	
21.20	Describe Doppler applications for evaluation of a pregnancy (i.e., umbilical artery, etc.).	
22.0	Develop a continuous awareness of the disease processes. The student will be able to:	
22.01	Discuss basic concepts of the causes of disease.	
22.02	Discuss common urogenital pathology.	
22.03	Discuss gastrointestinal diseases.	
22.04	Discuss common pathology found in obstetrics and gynecology.	
22.05	Discuss common pathology found in the cardiovascular system.	
22.06	Discuss common pathology found in the hepatobiliary system to include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and retroperitoneum. 	
22.07	Discuss common pathology found in thyroid, scrotum (testicular), neck, penis, and prostate. 	
22.08	Discuss post-surgical changes and their effects on images. 	
22.09	Discuss the usage of contrast-enhanced imaging and how it aids in diagnosing disease processes.	
22.10	Discuss the usage of elastography and how it aids in diagnosing disease processes. 	
23.0	Apply accumulated knowledge to the process of creating and documenting diagnostic sonograms. The student will be able to:	
23.01	Complete in all aspects a diagnostic sonogram with emphasis on:  
•	ergonomic techniques
•	standard precautions/isolation procedures
•	patient identification
•	patient interaction
•	professionalism 
•	creation of an optimized sonogram
•	appropriate image annotation 
•	safety
•	recognition of anatomy, both normal and pathologic.	
23.02	Complete routine documentation associated with a typical ultrasound department.	
23.03	Accurately complete technical report/worksheet. 	
24.0	Apply skills needed to effectively perform in the role of an entry-level sonographer. The student will be able to:	
24.01	Demonstrate clinical competency through complete and diagnostic sonographic examinations of the abdomen, superficial structures, retroperitoneal cavity, pelvis, and obstetrical patient using real-time and Doppler techniques using a variety of ultrasound machines. 	
24.02	Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the role of an entry-level sonographer while performing interventional/invasive procedures.	
24.03	Present completed examinations in detail with justification of all techniques, methods, and procedures used to obtain data.	
24.04	Identify and present examination findings that require immediate clinical responses and notify the interpreting physician.	
24.05	Identify gross pathology of the abdomen, superficial structures, retroperitoneal cavity, pelvis, and obstetrical patient, both on sonograms and related imaging modalities.	
24.06	Perform all preliminary procedures leading to actual examination by sonography and all procedures necessary post examination, to include but not limited to prior exams.	
24.07	Explain the reporting and documentation process of clinical incidents and/or adverse reactions that occur.	
24.08	Demonstrate skills needed to relate with tact and diplomacy with patients, physicians, nurses, other imaging personnel, and the general hospital population.	
24.09	Demonstrate those characteristics that reflect the high degree of professionalism associated with the field of ultrasound.	
24.10	Discuss awareness of professional development resources.	

Additional Information

Laboratory Activities

Laboratory investigations that include scientific inquiry, research, measurement, problem solving, emerging technologies, tools and equipment, as well as, experimental, quality, and safety procedures are an integral part of this career and technical program/course. Laboratory investigations benefit all students by developing an understanding of the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work, as well as the skills required to manage, operate, calibrate and troubleshoot equipment/tools used to make observations. Students understand measurement error; and have the skills to aggregate, interpret, and present the resulting data. Equipment and supplies should be provided to enhance hands-on experiences for students.

Special Notes

This program meets the Department of Health’s education requirements for HIV/AIDS, Domestic Violence and Prevention of Medical Errors.  Although not a requirement for initial licensure, it is a requirement for renewal, therefore the instructor may provide a certificate for renewal purposes to the student verifying these requirements have been met.

If students in this program are seeking a licensure, certificate, or registration through the Department of Health, please refer to s. 456.0635, F.S. for more information on disqualification for a license, certificate, or registration through the Department of Health. The program should meet the requirements of:

Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) www.caahep.org
361 Park St., Clearwater, FL 33756, (727) 210-2350

Written clinical affiliation agreements must be maintained with each health care facility.  Health care facilities must be accredited by The Joint Commission.

Students completing this program may apply to take one or both of the national registry examinations to obtain certification, for further information contact: 

American Registry of Diagnostic, Medical Sonographers (ARDMS) www.ardms.org
51 Monroe St., Plaza East 1, Rockville, Maryland 20850-2400, (301) 738-8401

Or 

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) www.arrt.org
1255 Northland Drive, St. Paul, MN 55120-1155, (612) 687-0048

The Core should be taken first in the program.  Following the successful completion of the core, the student is eligible to take the National Health Care Foundation Skill Standards Assessment with instructor approval and the completion of a portfolio.

General Education Course Requirements for AS and AAS Degrees

State Board of Education Rule 6A-14.030(4), F.A.C., identifies 15 credit hours as the minimum amount of general education coursework required in the Associate of Science (AS) degree and the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degree.  In addition, Rule 6A-14.0303, F.A.C., implements s. 1007.25, F.S., and requires students entering a technical education degree program in the 2022-2023 academic year, and thereafter, to complete at least one identified core course in each subject area as part of the general education course requirements (15 credit hours total) before a degree is awarded). The core subject areas include: 
•	Communication. 
•	Humanities.
•	Mathematics. 
•	Natural Sciences.
•	Social Sciences.

Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO)

CTSOs are co-curricular career and technical student organizations providing leadership training and reinforcing specific career and technical skills. Career and Technical Student Organizations provide activities for students as an integral part of the instruction offered. Other CTSOs not listed in this curriculum framework or recognized by the Florida Department of Education are permissible provided they support student mastery over the standards and benchmarks of this curriculum framework.

Accommodations

Federal and state legislation requires the provision of accommodations for students with disabilities to meet individual needs and ensure equal access. Postsecondary students with disabilities must self-identify, present documentation, request accommodations if needed, and develop a plan with their counselor and/or instructors. Accommodations received in postsecondary education may differ from those received in secondary education. Accommodations change the way the student is instructed. Students with disabilities may need accommodations in such areas as instructional methods and materials, assignments and assessments, time demands and schedules, learning environment, assistive technology and special communication systems. Documentation of the accommodations requested and provided should be maintained in a confidential file.