Florida Department of Education
Curriculum Framework 

Program Title:	Radiation Therapy
Career Cluster:	Health Science

AS	
CIP Number	1351090701	
Program Type	College Credit	
Program Length	77 credit hours	
CTSO	HOSA	
SOC Codes (all applicable) 	Please see the CIP to SOC Crosswalk located at the link below.	
CTE Program Resources 	http://www.fldoe.org/academics/career-adult-edu/career-tech-edu/program-resources.stml 	

Purpose

This program offers a sequence of courses that provides coherent and rigorous content aligned with challenging academic standards and relevant technical knowledge and skills needed to prepare for further education and careers in the Health Science career cluster; provides technical skill proficiency, and includes competency-based applied learning that contributes to the academic knowledge, higher-order reasoning and problem-solving skills, work attitudes, general employability skills, technical skills, and occupation-specific skills, and knowledge of all aspects of Health Science career cluster. 

The purpose of this program is to prepare students for employment as Radiation Therapy Technologist (Radiation Therapists) or to provide supplemental training for persons previously or presently employed in these occupations.

The content includes but is not limited to performing radiation therapy procedures with skill and understanding to practice the art and science of radiation therapy technology; to administer the prescribed radiation therapy treatments of the highest caliber, thereby providing the patient treatments of the highest quality and accuracy; to become members of the health care team that contributes to the physical and psychological comfort of the patient, to provide radiation protection to the patient, self and health care team; to work with the health care team to improve radiotherapeutic health care in the hospital and community; and to understand the importance of maintaining membership in the professional organizations and keeping abreast of the changes in the field of radiation therapy.

Additional Information relevant to this Career and Technical Education (CTE) program is provided at the end of this document.

Program Structure

This program is a planned sequence of instruction consisting of 77 credit hours.
Regulated Programs

This program is regulated by the Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control.

The program must be accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT), 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 900, Chicago, Illinois 60606-2901, (312) 704-5300, or by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to enable graduates to become candidates for examination in Radiation Therapy Technology by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.  It may also be approved by the Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control so that the graduate is eligible for licensure in Florida as a certified Radiation Therapy Technologists.  As specified in Chapter 468 Part IV, F.S. and Chapter 64E-3, F.A.C.

Students completing the program will be eligible to make application to take the National Registry examination.  For further information contact: 

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)
1255 Northland Drive, St. Paul, MN 55120-1155
(612-687-0048)  www.arrt.org    

Standards

After successfully completing this program, the student will be able to perform the following:

01.0	Demonstrate the proficiency in the skills and knowledge required of clinical practice.
02.0	Convey an understanding of the ethics that impact radiation therapy at both the state and federal levels.
03.0	Demonstrate proficiency in imaging and processing in radiation oncology.
04.0	Demonstrate a basic understanding of laws related to radiation therapy at both the state and federal levels. 
05.0	Demonstrate a functional knowledge of medical terminology required in radiation therapy. 
06.0	Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and techniques related to the resolution of operational issues in radiation therapy.
07.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the foundational principles and practices of radiation therapy.
08.0	Demonstrate knowledge of essential concepts related to pathophysiology. 
09.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the fundamental principles of radiation therapy.
10.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of radiation therapy as it relates to the management of neoplastic disease.
11.0	Demonstrate the skills, procedures and knowledge required for effective quality management.
12.0	Demonstrate an understanding of the integral aspects of radiation biology required of a radiation therapist. 
13.0	Demonstrate proficient knowledge of physics pertinent to the understanding of radiations used in the clinical setting. 
14.0	Demonstrate the principles of radiation protection and safety for the radiation therapist.
15.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the foundational concepts and competencies in assessment and evaluation of the patient for service delivery.   
16.0	Demonstrate an advanced understanding of the concepts and theories of radiation therapy physics.
17.0	Demonstrate proficiency in research methods and information literacy. 
18.0	Demonstrate the skills, techniques and knowledge required for medical imaging methods to capture sectional anatomy. 
19.0	Demonstrate the skills, techniques and knowledge required for the clinical planning of patient treatment. 

Florida Department of Education
Student Performance Standards

Program Title:	Radiation Therapy
CIP Number:		1351090701 
Program Length:	77 credit hours

Standards 1-19 are copy written ©2014, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission of the ASRT for educational purposes.

At the completion of this program, the student will be able to:	
01.0	Demonstrate the proficiency in the skills and knowledge required of clinical practice. - The student will be able to: 	
01.01	Operate within the radiation therapy scope of practice. 	
01.02	Demonstrate values and attitudes congruent with the profession’s standards and ethics. 	
01.03	Formulate priorities in daily clinical practice. 	
01.04	Apply concepts of teamwork. 	
01.05	Adapt to dynamic clinical situations. 	
01.06	Establish patient-centered, clinically effective service delivery strategies. 	
01.07	Deliver a prescribed course of treatment adhering to acceptable departmental, institutional, governmental and professional standards. 	
01.08	Assess the patient’s status and condition in order to deliver a prescribed course of radiation therapy. 	
01.09	Use critical thinking for accurate treatment delivery by demonstrating knowledge of didactic concepts. 	
01.10	Demonstrate the principles of radiation protection. 	
01.11	Monitor tumor lethal dose and normal tissue tolerance dose. 	
01.12	Evaluate the patient’s clinical response to treatment parameters as prescribed to determine if medical intervention by the doctor is necessary. 	
01.13	Apply the principles of total quality management. 	
01.14	Detect equipment malfunctions and take appropriate action. 	
01.15	Construct and prepare immobilization, beam alignment and beam modification devices. 	
01.16	Design, evaluate and implement treatment plans. 	
01.17	Validate manual and computer dosimetric calculations. 	
01.18	Perform simulation, localization and therapeutic procedures as they pertain to radiation therapy in accordance with national patient safety standards. 	
01.19	Demonstrate appropriate and effective communication. 	
01.20	Demonstrate safe, ethical and legal practices. 	
01.21	Evaluate the significance of the patient’s unique diagnosed cancerous pathology to formulate appropriate simulations and treatment actions. 	
01.22	Apply appropriate safety, transfer and immobilization principles. 	
01.23	Apply concepts of teaching and learning theories in design, implementation and evaluation in the education of patient, family, colleagues and the community. 	
01.24	Describe departmental resources that are designed to meet the health and wellness of patient needs. 	
01.25	Demonstrate appropriate interaction with patients and patients’ family and friends. 	
01.26	Assess patient side effects and complications to create an interdisciplinary management strategy that fosters prevention, healing and comfort. 	
01.27	Document all aspects of patient care and management in the appropriate record. 	
01.28	Document and communicate errors and discrepancies in accordance with institutional and national quality management procedures. 	
01.29	Demonstrate knowledge of situations where life support procedures would be necessary. 	
01.30	Document knowledge of the institution’s procedures in response to emergencies, disasters and accidents. 	
01.31	Apply strategies that ensure professional development at a level of clinical practice consistent with acceptable standards. 	
01.32	Demonstrate quality assurance procedures for all treatment delivery equipment and accessories. 	
01.33	Evaluate outcomes to continuously improve radiation therapy services. 	
01.34	Incorporate Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requirements into clinical practice. 	
01.35	Interpret treatment planning prior to and during a course of treatment. 	
02.0	Convey an understanding of the ethics that impact radiation therapy at both the state and federal levels.  The student will be able to:	
02.01	Identify theories and principles that guide ethical decision making for practice situations. 	
02.02	Define practice situations that carry high potential for dilemmas that require ethical scrutiny. 	
02.03	Discuss basic ethical duties of health care providers. 	
02.04	Demonstrate an awareness of and sensitivity to various cultural and ethnic differences among various client groups. 	
02.05	Discuss the concept of patient advocacy in support of patients’ rights. 	
02.06	Discuss ethical theories and models. 	
02.07	Discuss the radiation therapy scope of practice, code of ethics and practice standards. 	
02.08	Examine concepts of personal honesty, integrity, accountability and professional compassion as ethical imperatives in professional practice. 	
02.09	Differentiate between distributive, compensatory and retributive justice. 	
02.10	Differentiate between provider and patient relationships. 	
02.11	Discuss the duty of the radiation therapist to take responsibility for actions and decisions. 	
02.12	Discuss the elements of an informed consent. 	
02.13	Discuss standards of disclosure. 	
02.14	Analyze issues related to the use and flow of patient information to determine confidentiality. 	
02.15	Explain ethical issues related to different age groups. 	
02.16	Identify current ethical issues in health care. 	
02.17	Demonstrate application of a system of examination, clarification, determination, the doctrine of informed consent and other issues related to patient rights. 	
02.18	Explain ethical issues related to the profession. 	
02.19	Discuss the relationship between ethics and health care policy. 	
02.20	Examine ethical issues arising daily in a radiation therapy department. 	
03.0	Demonstrate proficiency in imaging and processing in radiation oncology.  The student will be able to:	
03.01	Define terminology associated with digital imaging systems. 	
03.02	Describe the various types of digital receptors. 	
03.03	Discuss the fundamentals of digital imaging. 	
03.04	Discuss image acquisition on the simulator and linear accelerator. 	
03.05	Describe the evaluative criteria for imaging detectors on the simulator and linear accelerator. 	
03.06	Describe the histogram and the process or histogram analysis as it relates to automatic rescaling and determining an exposure indicator. 	
03.07	Identify the exposure indices for digital imaging receptors on the simulator ad linear accelerator. 	
03.08	Discuss the response of digital imaging systems to background and scatter radiation on the simulator and linear accelerator.	
03.09	Identify appropriate measures to control scatter in the simulator and linear accelerator rooms.	
03.10	Explain methods to avoid histogram analysis errors. 	
03.11	Describe image processing employed for digital images. 	
03.12	Associate the impact of image processing parameters to the image appearance. 	
03.13	Associate the effects of inappropriate processing on image clarity or conspicuity. 	
03.14	Describe and apply the fundamental physical principles of exposure for digital detectors. 	
03.15	Describe the selection of technical factors to ensure appropriate receptor exposure levels for digital detectors. 	
03.16	Describe the conditions that cause quantum mottle in a digital image. 	
03.17	Explain methods to avoid poor quality images in simulation and treatment planning. 	
03.18	Examine the potential impact of digital imaging systems on patient exposure and methods of practicing the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept with digital systems. 	
03.19	Describe picture archiving and communications system (PACS) and its function. 	
03.20	Identify components of a PACS system. 	
03.21	Describe patient benefits gained through the use of telemedicine. 	
03.22	Identify modality types that may be incorporated into a PACS. 	
03.23	Define digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM). 	
03.24	Describe data flow for a DICOM image from an imaging modality to a PACS. 	
03.25	Describe HIPAA concerns with electronic information. 	
03.26	Identify common problems associated with retrieving/viewing images. 	
03.27	Analyze relationships of factors affecting image contrast, density and resolution to determine optimal image quality. 	
03.28	Apply techniques to enhance image details and reduce image distortion. 	
03.29	Determine artifact types, cause and preventive measures. 	
03.30	Explain the basic principles of image formation for each of the following modalities: magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasound imaging and nuclear medicine. 	
03.31	Describe and explain functions of the components of the computed tomography (CT) imaging system. 	
03.32	Differentiate between conventional and spiral/helical CT scanning. 	
03.33	List the CT computer data processing steps. 	
03.34	Name the functions of the array processor used for image reconstruction. 	
03.35	Explain the difference between reconstructing and reformatting an image. 	
03.36	Describe the application of the following terms to CT: 
•	Pixel. 
•	Matrix. 
•	Voxel. 
•	Linear attenuation coefficient. 
•	CT/Hounsfield number. 
•	Partial volume averaging. 
•	Window width (ww) and window level (wl). 
•	Spatial resolution. 
•	Contrast resolution. 
•	Noise. 
•	Annotation. 
•	Region of interest (ROI). 
•	Standard vs. volumetric data acquisition. 	
03.37	Identify the types and appearance of artifacts most commonly affecting CT images. 	
03.38	Explain how artifacts can be reduced or eliminated. 	
03.39	Describe current data storage techniques used in CT. 	
03.40	Name the radiation protection devices that can be used to reduce patient dose in CT and describe the correct application of each. 	
04.0	Demonstrate a basic understanding of laws related to radiation therapy at both the state and federal levels.  The student will be able to:	
04.01	Apply concepts related to social, political, economic and historical issues to analyze the different sources of law. 	
04.02	List the steps in a civil legal procedure and identify the potential role of a radiation therapist. 	
04.03	Assess the role of effective communication skills in reducing legal action. 	
04.04	Analyze negligence related to clinical practice issues of simulation, treatment delivery, patient assessment, patient education and quality assurance to determine if negligence is present. 	
04.05	Examine the role of the radiation therapist in the informed consent process, patient rights and practice standards. 	
04.06	Analyze safety programs to reduce patient injury. 	
04.07	Examine the importance of documentation and maintenance of clinical practice records. 	
04.08	Formulate a risk management program. 	
04.09	Analyze the role of code of ethics, radiation therapy scope of practice and radiation therapy practice standards as guides to assess the appropriateness of professional actions. 	
04.10	Discuss the practice of lifelong learning in maintaining professional competence. 	
05.0	Demonstrate a functional knowledge of medical terminology required in radiation therapy.  The student will be able to:	
05.01	Identify primary language sources from which medical terms are derived. 	
05.02	Define medical terms according to basic elements. 	
05.03	Interpret language, abbreviations and symbols in the medical record. 	
06.0	Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and techniques related to the resolution of operational issues in radiation therapy.  The student will be able to:	
06.01	Identify CQI opportunities. 	
06.02	Explain the differences between CQI and QA. 	
06.03	Select appropriate CQI tools for specific situations. 	
06.04	Apply CQI principles to specific situations. 	
06.05	Discuss human resources’ role in the work environment. 	
06.06	Discuss the need for organizational and departmental accreditation. 	
06.07	Recognize accreditation effects on radiation therapy operations. 	
06.08	Use appropriate current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for professional and technical charges. 	
06.09	Summarize the various types of insurance and the mechanisms necessary for approval of care. 	
06.10	Discuss reimbursement for radiation therapy services. 	
06.11	Compare the components and methods of developing and managing a departmental budget. 	
07.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the foundational principles and practices of radiation therapy.  The student will be able to:	
07.01	Discuss the policies and procedures of the educational program. 	
07.02	Discuss the policies and procedures of clinical education settings. 	
07.03	Identify the responsibilities of a radiation therapy student. 	
07.04	Use library/Internet resources pertinent to radiation oncology. 	
07.05	Discuss maintaining patient and student confidentiality. 	
07.06	Analyze the importance of multidisciplinary care of cancer patients. 	
07.07	Discuss the philosophy and mission of health care delivery systems and educational programs. 	
07.08	Incorporate key terms used in the principles and practice of radiation therapy. 	
07.09	Identify the contents/sections of the patient's records. 	
07.10	Explain radiation safety procedures for radiation therapy. 	
07.11	Explain health safety procedures for personnel and patients. 	
07.12	Differentiate between accreditation, credentialing, certification, registration, licensure, and regulations. 	
07.13	Explain the purposes, functions and activities of international, national, state and local professional organizations. 	
07.14	Discuss the importance of professional and community commitment. 	
07.15	Discuss the radiation therapist scope of practice, practice standards and professional code of ethics. 	
07.16	Discuss the benefits of continuing education as related to improving the quality of patient care, professional development and personal enhancement. 	
07.17	Discuss career advancement and opportunities for the radiation therapist. 	
08.0	Demonstrate knowledge of essential concepts related to pathophysiology.  The student will be able to:	
08.01	Describe the physiological response in inflammation and cell injury due to pathological insult. 	
08.02	Assess the predictive factors, including genetics, lifestyles, age and environment as they influence the development of cancer and associated diseases. 	
08.03	Compare the body’s response to hereditary, lifestyle, age and environmental factors. 	
08.04	Given a specific oncologic-related disease, determine probable diagnostic, prognostic, staging, grading and the rationale for the appropriate therapeutic pathway. 	
08.05	Given the histology of a neoplasm, determine the tumor characteristics. 	
08.06	Given a common disease, anticipate the effects of the disease on the oncologic patient. 	
09.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the fundamental principles of radiation therapy.  The student will be able to:	
09.01	Given diagnostic information about a particular cancer, determine the appropriateness of using radiation therapy as a primary treatment modality. 	
09.02	Determine the medical and patient information necessary to develop a radiation therapy treatment plan. 	
09.03	Determine the appropriate treatment energy for any given tumor type or location. 	
09.04	Differentiate between beam modifiers and their uses with a variety of treatment energies. 	
09.05	Determine the appropriate treatment setup aid, immobilization technique and beam modifier for a given treatment technique. 	
09.06	Identify inconsistencies between treatment prescription and treatment plan. 	
09.07	Develop a CT simulation plan for a particular tumor to include steps needed prior to, during and after the procedure. 	
09.08	Critique treatment images in relation to simulation images. 	
09.09	Discuss the radiation therapist scope of practice and practice standards. 	
10.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of radiation therapy as it relates to the management of neoplastic disease.  The student will be able to:	
10.01	Distinguishes tumor histology to determine pathways associated with cancer and neoplastic disease. 	
10.02	Examine the role of surgical, radiation and medical oncology to include immunotherapy (biological therapy) and personalized medicine in the management of neoplastic disease. 	
10.03	Discuss multidisciplinary emerging approaches to neoplastic disease management. 	
10.04	Discuss the role of radiation therapy in the management of all patient populations with benign and malignant diseases. 	
10.05	Discuss epidemiologic and etiologic information pertinent to each neoplastic site. 	
10.06	Discuss the clinical presentation for each anatomic neoplastic site. 	
10.07	Discuss preventive methods/screening tools associated with each neoplastic site. 	
10.08	Explain detection, diagnosis, grading and staging systems for each neoplastic site. 	
10.09	Implement the principles and practice of simulation to prepare a patient for treatment. 	
10.10	Apply the parameters of treatment field design and arrangement used to treat neoplastic diseases. 	
10.11	Examine the role of radiation therapy in palliative disease management. 	
10.12	Identify the treatment regimens and fractionalization schemes used in palliative disease management. 	
10.13	Describe the role of radiation therapy in the management of oncology emergencies. 	
11.0	Demonstrate the skills, procedures and knowledge required for effective quality management.  The student will be able to:	
11.01	Discuss the components of a quality management (QM) program in developing a culture of safety in radiation oncology. 	
11.02	Discuss the purpose, function and member’s role on a quality management team. 	
11.03	Explain federal, state and institutional accreditation standards and reporting regulations for quality management. 	
11.04	Examine outcomes of quality management in radiation oncology. 	
11.05	Explain the purpose, procedures and frequency for manual and electronic treatment documentation. 	
11.06	Identify errors in treatment documentation. 	
11.07	Describe the procedure for assuring accuracy of manual and electronic records. 	
11.08	Examine the purpose and function of record and verify systems. 	
11.09	Examine the patient chart in terms of medical and legal issues. 	
11.10	Discuss the significance of treatment outcomes for patient care, education and research in radiation oncology. 	
11.11	Discuss the quality indicators to evaluate patient care areas. 	
11.12	Explain the purpose, procedure and frequency for all QA and QM procedures in a radiation therapy department. 	
11.13	Evaluate how the outcomes of QA and QM procedures impact patient care, education and research. 	
11.14	Examine statistical reporting available through quality assurance computerization. 	
11.15	Perform quality measures for computerized operation, data collection and reporting. 	
11.16	Determine sources of malfunction on the treatment and simulation/localization units. 	
11.17	Distinguish between safe and hazardous equipment operation. 	
11.18	Comply with acceptable quality limits for treatment operation. 	
11.19	Identify the source of error and determine the effect on treatment delivery, education and research. 	
11.20	Differentiate between quality management programs. 	
11.21	Discuss the importance of patient education in the quality management process. 	
11.22	Discuss the importance of proper patient identification and treatment field documentation. 	
11.23	Discuss aspects of clinical evaluation, therapeutic decision-making and informed. 	
11.24	Identify the key aspects of delivering a precise prescribed treatment dose. 	
11.25	Discuss quality control procedures and recommended tolerances for simulation equipment, megavoltage treatment units and treatment planning systems. 	
11.26	Discuss quality control procedures and recommended tolerances for the safe handling of brachytherapy sources and remote after loading equipment. 	
11.27	Defend the rational for near miss and error report. 	
11.28	Critique the safety in radiation oncology. 	
12.0	Demonstrate an understanding of the integral aspects of radiation biology required of a radiation therapist.  The student will be able to:	
12.01	Integrate laws and principles of radiation biology to the clinical practice of radiation therapy. 	
12.02	Identify radiosensitive components of the cell. 	
12.03	Distinguish between units of radiation quantities and radiobiologic measures using SI units. 	
12.04	Differentiate between direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation. 	
12.05	Explain factors affecting relative biological effectiveness (RBE). 	
12.06	Discuss the effects of electromagnetic and particulate radiations on cellular interactions. 	
12.07	Evaluate factors influencing radiobiologic/biophysical events at the cellular and subcellular level. 	
12.08	Determine biologic damage due to radiation-induced chemical reactions. 	
12.09	Discuss radiation effects on the cell cycle. 	
12.10	Compare somatic and genetic effects of radiation. 	
12.11	Describe factors influencing radiation response of cells and tissues. 	
12.12	Discuss the laws of Bergonié and Tribondeau. 	
12.13	Interpret cell survival curves to determine radiosensitivity under numerous conditions. 	
12.14	Discuss the relationship of radiation quality and dose to systemic responses. 	
12.15	Describe radiation syndromes and factors influencing response. 	
12.16	Differentiate between linear, nonlinear, and threshold and nonthreshold dose response curves. 	
12.17	Describe the 4 Rs of radiobiology. 	
12.18	Compare the relationship of time, dose, fractionation, volume, distance and site to radiation effects. 	
12.19	Discuss the use of radiation response modifiers. 	
12.20	Describe the influence of chemotherapy and hyperthermia alone and in combination with radiation therapy. 	
13.0	Demonstrate proficient knowledge of physics pertinent to the understanding of radiations used in the clinical setting.  The student will be able to:	
13.01	Define the fundamental units of the English, metric and Système International d’Unites (SI) systems. 	
13.02	Calculate various unit conversions. 	
13.03	Demonstrate applications of the general principles that relate to inertia, work, energy and momentum. 	
13.04	Describe Bohr’s theory of atomic structure. 	
13.05	Compare the characteristics and functions of a proton, neutron and electron. 	
13.06	Discuss the energy levels of the atom. 	
13.07	Define the terms relating to atomic nomenclature. 	
13.08	Compare covalent bonding and ionic bonding. 	
13.09	Describe the process of ionization. 	
13.10	Differentiate between the characteristics of a mixture, substance and element. 	
13.11	Classify the characteristics of an element using the periodic table. 	
13.12	Compare the characteristics of a molecule and compound. 	
13.13	Describe the nature of light. 	
13.14	Explain the relationship between wavelength, frequency and velocity. 	
13.15	Differentiate between the radiations of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. 	
13.16	Explain the relationship of energy and frequency to Planck’s constant. 	
13.17	Distinguish between electrical charge and electrical field. 	
13.18	Describe the methods of electrification. 	
13.19	Explain the laws of electrostatics and their application. 	
13.20	Describe the properties and laws of magnetism. 	
13.21	Explain the electronic spin of an element to its potential magnetic properties. 	
13.22	Describe the principle of magnetic induction. 	
13.23	Define potential difference, current, resistance, circuit and electric power. 	
13.24	Compare the characteristics of direct and alternating currents. 	
13.25	Compare electrical measuring devices. 	
13.26	Discuss electrical protective devices. 	
13.27	Discuss the interaction between electric and magnetic fields. 	
13.28	Describe the characteristics and functions of a cathode and rotating anode. 	
13.29	Describe the construction and function of tube housing. 	
13.30	Identify the parts of an x-ray tube. 	
13.31	Determine heat units and cooling characteristics of x-ray tube housings. 	
13.32	Propose methods to extend tube life. 	
13.33	Discuss application and components of automatic exposure devices. 	
13.34	State the principles of x-ray production. 	
13.35	Compare the production of bremsstrahlung with the production of characteristic radiations. 	
13.36	Compare various photon interactions in terms of description of interaction, relation to atomic number and applications. 	
13.37	Discuss relationships of wavelength and frequency to beam characteristics. 	
13.38	Define units of radiation measurement and provide an example of its application. 	
14.0	Demonstrate the principles of radiation protection and safety for the radiation therapist.  The student will be able to:	
14.01	Distinguish between somatic and genetic effects of radiation exposure. 	
14.02	Differentiate between stochastic and nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure. 	
14.03	Defend the concept of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). 	
14.04	Discuss the concept of negligible individual risk. 	
14.05	Describe the legal and ethical radiation protection responsibilities of radiation workers. 	
14.06	Use appropriate SI terminology and units when discussing radiation protection issues. 	
14.07	Select the correct SI units of radiation for exposure, absorbed dose, dose equivalence and radioactivity. 	
14.08	Discuss the interrelationship between relative biological effectiveness and quality factors. 	
14.09	Explain the theory, operation, applications and limitations of radiation detection devices. 	
14.10	State the authority, boundaries and regulations of the state and national regulatory agencies. 	
14.11	Discuss the requirements and responsibilities of the radiation safety officer. 	
14.12	Compare the various methods used for personnel monitoring. 	
14.13	State the exposure limits for occupational and nonoccupational individuals. 	
14.14	Explain techniques used to reduce unnecessary dose to the patient. 	
14.15	Develop an emergency action plan for equipment failure. 	
14.16	Discuss the principles of radiation protection room design factors. 	
14.17	Describe the elements of a radiation protection survey for an inpatient undergoing brachytherapy. 	
14.18	Calculate exposure doses based on time, distance and type of radioactivity. 	
14.19	Describe the procedure for the wipe test. 	
14.20	Describe procedures to receive and ship radioactive materials. 	
14.21	Evaluate a record keeping system for radioactive sources to ensure inclusion of all required elements. 	
15.0	Demonstrate knowledge of the foundational concepts and competencies in assessment and evaluation of the patient for service delivery.  The student will be able to:   	
15.01	Differentiate between the roles and responsibilities of health care team members treating cancer patients. 	
15.02	Demonstrate applications of professional self-care. 	
15.03	Examine different psychological aspects of dying. 	
15.04	Explain the dynamics of communicating with the cancer patient and family. 	
15.05	Recognize radiation side effects and complications and select the appropriate medical intervention. 	
15.06	Identify factors that influence a patient’s emotional responses. 	
15.07	Formulate content for answers to questions frequently asked by patients. 	
15.08	Assess the physical condition of the patient before, during and after treatment delivery. 	
15.09	Demonstrate application of the principles of health safety. 	
15.10	Discuss the principles of medication administration. 	
15.11	Recognize common medications and explain their actions and side effects. 	
15.12	Evaluate a patient for an adverse reaction to medication. 	
15.13	Describe emergency response procedures. 	
15.14	Describe the proper care of patients with tubes. 	
15.15	Provide patient education for medical procedures. 	
15.16	Assess the patient before, during and after brachytherapy procedures. 	
15.17	Demonstrate the application of the principles of radiation protection during brachytherapy procedures. 	
15.18	Assess the nutritional status of the cancer patient to provide nutritional education or intervention. 	
15.19	Demonstrate proper use of the principles of patient safety and transfer. 	
15.20	Provide appropriate patient education following patient assessment. 	
15.21	Select patient education materials appropriate for patient needs. 	
15.22	Compare conventional and integrative medicine. 	
16.0	Demonstrate an advanced understanding of the concepts and theories of radiation therapy physics.  The student will be able to:	
16.01	Compare and contrast atomic structure and composition among the elements, including but not limited to particles (their location, energy level, and charge), atomic number and mass number. 	
16.02	Compare isotope, isotone, isobar and isomer. 	
16.03	Discuss nuclear stability and types of radioactive decay. 	
16.04	Categorize the four fundamental forces of nature. 	
16.05	Differentiate between electromagnetic (EM) radiation and their characteristics. 	
16.06	Describe the processes of ionization and excitation. 	
16.07	Calculate radioactivity, decay constant, activity and half-life, average life and attenuation requirements for commonly used isotopes in radiation therapy. 	
16.08	Differentiate between artificially produced and naturally occurring therapeutic nuclides. 	
16.09	Identify the radioactive series and the decay schemes for commonly used radiation therapy nuclides. 	
16.10	Explain the various forms of radioactive equilibrium. 	
16.11	Identify nuclear reactions by recognizing the projectile and radiation emitted. 	
16.12	Define fission and fusion. 	
16.13	Discuss the activation of nuclides in terms of yield, probability, activity growth, and saturation activity. 	
16.14	Describe methods of artificial production of radionuclides. 	
16.15	Describe x-ray production for linear accelerators. 	
16.16	Compare and contrast the factors that influence x-ray production and output. 	
16.17	Compare and contrast the energy ranges and characteristics of the various radiation therapy modalities (Grenz-ray through megavoltage). 	
16.18	Discuss all components and function in a linear accelerator. 	
16.19	Discuss methods of x-ray production in alternate therapy units (e.g., tomotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, etc.) 	
16.20	Compare the characteristics of other radiation therapy beams (cyclotron and other accelerated particles). 	
16.21	State the gamma energies and average gamma energy of cobalt 60 (60Co). 	
16.22	Compare the characteristics of an isotope beam and an x-ray beam. 	
16.23	Explain linear energy transfer (LET). 	
16.24	Compare photon interactions with matter and classify radiations produced by direct and indirect ionization. 	
16.25	Explain major influencing factors of photon beam attenuation. 	
16.26	Describe the parameters of narrow beam geometry used in the measurement of attenuation. 	
16.27	Plot heteroenergetic and monoenergetic beam attenuation data. 	
16.28	Calculate half-value layer (HVL). 	
16.29	Calculate the homogeneity coefficient. 	
16.30	Calculate attenuation requirements for beam modification devices. 	
16.31	Discuss activation of clinical accessories and alternate shielding materials due to photodisentigration. 	
16.32	Explain charged particle interactions with matter, describing dose deposition, energy loss and shielding requirements. 	
16.33	Define mass stopping power. 	
16.34	Describe a Bragg curve. 	
16.35	Discuss the purpose and importance of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 	
16.36	Discuss the purpose and importance of the Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Labs (ADCL). 	
16.37	Demonstrate use of the appropriate type of radiation detector for given clinical applications. 	
16.38	Calculate correction factors for chamber calibration, temperature, pressure and other factors used to correct a chamber reading. 	
16.39	Discuss protocols used for external beam calibration. 	
16.40	Analyze spot check data to make appropriate judgment decisions regarding machine treatment parameters. Describe the quality of a gamma-ray (γ) beam in terms of HVL, γ energy or mean γ energy/nuclide of origin. 	
16.41	Describe beam filtration for the various external beam modalities, including but not limited to purpose, types of filters and their construction, energy considerations, inherent vs. added filtration and effect on HVL. 	
16.42	Calculate the approximate mean energy of a megavoltage beam. 	
16.43	Compare absorbed dose vs. exposure. 	
16.44	Discuss the relationship between kinetic energy released in the medium (KERMA), exposure and absorbed dose. 	
16.45	Calculate air dose to absorbed dose conversions in tissue, including but not limited to, energy considerations, applicable conversion factors, necessary instrumentation and methods. 	
16.46	Discuss the clinical importance of phantom material and size when applying the Bragg-Gray Cavity Theory. 	
16.47	Critique how dose distribution measured in a phantom is used to predict dose distribution in a patient. 	
16.48	Compare the characteristics and composition of various phantoms. 	
16.49	Compare source-skin distance (SSD) and isocentric methods of calibration. 	
17.0	Demonstrate proficiency in research methods and information literacy.  The student will be able to:	
17.01	Analyze research articles to determine the accuracy and validity of findings. 	
17.02	Integrate information literacy concepts into a research project. 	
17.03	Critique research projects to determine appropriateness and usefulness to the profession. 	
18.0	Demonstrate the skills, techniques and knowledge required for medical imaging methods to capture sectional anatomy.  The student will be able to:	
18.01	Relate the importance of imaging with computed tomography, magnetic resonance and PET-CT in radiation therapy. 	
18.02	Differentiate between sagittal, coronal and axial planes of the body. 	
18.03	Review the principles of imaging for imaging modalities using relevant terminology. 	
18.04	Compare the imaging modalities for application to radiation therapy. 	
18.05	Identify normal anatomical structures on sectional images. 	
18.06	Identify topographic anatomy used to locate underlying internal structures. 	
18.07	Describe image formation and orientation for computed tomography, magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, ultrasonography, and image fusion. 	
19.0	Demonstrate the skills, techniques and knowledge required for the clinical planning of patient treatment.  The student will be able to:	
19.01	Compare photon isodose curves for clinically relevant photon beams. 	
19.02	Describe the general influencing factors that distinguish various isodose curves. 	
19.03	Determine internal and external patient factors that influence a beam’s distribution and apply isodose correction methods. 	
19.04	Describe methods of determining a patient’s external contour, definition of internal structures and volumes of interest used in treatment planning. 	
19.05	Identify organs and tissues at risk and their dose limitations using published tolerance dose tables. 	
19.06	Describe how biologic effective dose is influenced by prescription and treatment variables. 	
19.07	Compare fractionation schemes. 	
19.08	Discuss the integral dose concept. 	
19.09	Use appropriate factors for treatment calculations. 	
19.10	Describe the interrelationships of the various factors used in treatment calculations. 	
19.11	Perform dose calculations for external photon and electron beam treatments for all clinical variations. 	
19.12	Calculate the absorbed dose to off-axis points of interest. 	
19.13	Compare absorbed doses within a treatment volume with beam variations. 	
19.14	Explain algorithms incorporated into treatment planning computers. 	
19.15	Describe the clinical applications for moving beam techniques. 	
19.16	Describe the past pointing technique. 	
19.17	Calculate equivalent squares using various methods and consider the limitations of each. 	
19.18	Describe the effect of asymmetric beam collimation on dose distribution. 	
19.19	Describe methods for determining dose distribution at points outside the treatment field. 	
19.20	Calculate dose under a block. 	
19.21	Evaluate a variety of treatment plans for clinical use. 	
19.22	Identify all possible techniques that may be employed to clinically match adjacent fields. 	
19.23	Describe the multiple junction shift methods. 	
19.24	Examine hot and cold regions that occur with the various matching methods, and describe the methods used to eliminate them. 	
19.25	Describe procedures for permanent record and legal documentation of matching fields. 	
19.26	Analyze dose distributions to determine the need for beam modifiers. 	
19.27	Compare various methods of tissue compensation and the dosimetric impact. 	
19.28	Examine the fabrication of 2-D and 3-D compensators. 	
19.29	Construct manual and computerized isodose curves. 	
19.30	Differentiate between isodose distributions for all clinical variations. 	
19.31	Evaluate possible corrections for treatment errors to correct misadministration of prescribed dose. 	
19.32	Differentiate between the treatment planning terms: maximum, minimum, mean, modal and median dose. 	
19.33	Describe International Commission on Radiological Units (ICRU) recommendations on dose variance within a target volume and the effect that variances may have on cure rates, local control and tolerance. 	
19.34	Analyze dose volume histograms relative to treatment planning. 	
19.35	Evaluate patient changes to determine the integrity of a treatment plan. 	
19.36	Compare electron beam depth dose characteristics for various energies. 	
19.37	Identify clinical factors that would influence beam type and energy selection. 	
19.38	Differentiate between standard treatment distance and virtual distance. 	
19.39	Discuss why equivalent squares used with photon beams are inappropriate with electron beams. 	
19.40	Describe how inhomogeneities influence electron beam path. 	
19.41	Discuss the considerations of matching an electron field to other adjacent photon or electron fields. 	
19.42	Analyze which shielding materials and thickness would be needed to attenuate electron beams to appropriate levels. 	
19.43	Describe how electron shielding materials should be arranged for external vs. internal shielding. 	
19.44	Discuss changes in dose rate and dose distribution with changes in blocking and electron energy. 	
19.45	Compare calculations of shielding thicknesses to measured data for electron beams. 	
19.46	Determine why specific isodose lines are prescribed for various clinical situations involving critical and noncritical structures. 	
19.47	Calculate percentage depth dose for 10%, 50%, 80% and 90% lines for various electron energies. 	
19.48	Describe the considerations in the clinical application of special electron treatments, including total skin irradiation and arc therapy. 	
19.49	Compare the general isodose pattern of particle beams. 	
19.50	Determine clinical usefulness of various beam types and the clinical implications involved. 	
19.51	Describe the various imaging modalities in tumor localization and planning. 	
19.52	Discuss planning techniques used to accommodate the treatment volume shape. 	
19.53	Discuss isocenter localization for radiosurgery. 	
19.54	Identify vital structures considered during treatment planning. 	
19.55	Compare single dose delivery to fractionated dose delivery schedules. 	
19.56	Discuss the need for specific equipment used to deliver radiation for conformal therapy. 	
19.57	Discuss the purpose and contents of the ICRU Report 62 and supplements. 	
19.58	Discuss the computer system features necessary for conformal therapy treatment planning. 	
19.59	Identify common sites amenable to conformal therapy and the typical doses employed for those sites. 	
19.60	Compare configurations of multileaf collimation systems. 	
19.61	Discuss considerations for multileaf collimators. 	
19.62	Review the differences between static and dynamic multileaf collimation systems. 	
19.63	Identify appropriate clinical applications for brachytherapy. 	
19.64	Compare and contrast brachytherapy delivery systems. 	
19.65	Describe the techniques and applicators used for intracavitary, interstitial and endovascular brachytherapy procedures. 	
19.66	Explain how simulation and CT data is used for source localization. 	
19.67	Discuss the objective of treatment planning for brachytherapy procedures. 	
19.68	Summarize dose specification and prescription techniques for different types of implants. 	
19.69	Describe optimization techniques used in computer aided dose calculations. 	
19.70	Discuss record keeping requirements for radioactive material. 	
19.71	State radiation safety requirements for brachytherapy procedures. 	
19.72	Identify appropriate clinical applications for using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). 	
19.73	Describe the general flow of the IMRT process from patient immobilization through treatment delivery. 	
Standards 1-19 are copy written ©2014, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission of the ASRT for educational purposes.

Additional Information

Laboratory Activities

Laboratory investigations that include scientific inquiry, research, measurement, problem solving, emerging technologies, tools and equipment, as well as, experimental, quality, and safety procedures are an integral part of this career and technical program/course. Laboratory investigations benefit all students by developing an understanding of the complexity and ambiguity of empirical work, as well as the skills required to manage, operate, calibrate and troubleshoot equipment/tools used to make observations. Students understand measurement error; and have the skills to aggregate, interpret, and present the resulting data. Equipment and supplies should be provided to enhance hands-on experiences for students.

Clinical education has been established for the students in these programs.  It is designed to permit accurate assessment of the knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the clinical education component of the program.  After completion of the prerequisite practice of radiotherapeutic procedures, students indicate readiness for evaluation in a specific category to the clinical affiliate or faculty in the assigned clinical education center.

Clinical education and laboratory activities facilitate student rotations to provide them equitable opportunity to achieve the program clinical objective utilizing multiple affiliates.  The resulting clinical rotation and laboratory practicum provides students with patient treatment techniques utilizing a variety of megavoltage equipment, radiation therapy patient care procedures, localization and treatment, radiation therapy physics including dosimetry, machine calibration, quality assurance, handling of sealed radioactive sources and protection, follow up, patient care and patient recordkeeping.

Special Notes

The program is designed to provide the radiation therapy community with workers who, under the supervision of a Radiation Oncologist, uses ionizing radiation to treat disease.  The curriculum provides students an opportunity to develop technical and social skills through experiences in the clinic, classroom, and laboratory.

This program meets the Department of Health’s education requirements for HIV/AIDS, Domestic Violence and Prevention of Medical Errors.  Although not a requirement for initial licensure, it is a requirement for renewal, therefore the instructor may provide a certificate for renewal purposes to the student verifying these requirements have been met.

If students in this program are seeking a licensure, certificate, or registration through the Department of Health, please refer to 456.0635, F.S. for more information on disqualification for a license, certificate, or registration through the Department of Health. 

Students are encouraged to become members of their appropriate professional organizations such as the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT), Florida Society of Radiologic Technologists (FSRT) and its' local affiliate.

General Education Course Requirements for AS and AAS Degrees

State Board of Education Rule 6A-14.030(4), F.A.C., identifies 15 credit hours as the minimum amount of general education coursework required in the Associate of Science (AS) degree and the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degree.  In addition, Rule 6A-14.0303, F.A.C., implements s. 1007.25, F.S., and requires students entering a technical education degree program in the 2022-2023 academic year, and thereafter, to complete at least one identified core course in each subject area as part of the general education course requirements (15 credit hours total) before a degree is awarded) The core subject areas include: 
•	Communication. 
•	Humanities.
•	Mathematics. 
•	Natural Sciences.
•	Social Sciences.

Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO)

HOSA: Future Health Professionals is the co-curricular career and technical student organization providing leadership training and reinforcing specific career and technical skills. Career and Technical Student Organizations provide activities for students as an integral part of the instruction offered. 

Accommodations

Federal and state legislation requires the provision of accommodations for students with disabilities to meet individual needs and ensure equal access. Postsecondary students with disabilities must self-identify, present documentation, request accommodations if needed, and develop a plan with their counselor and/or instructors. Accommodations received in postsecondary education may differ from those received in secondary education. Accommodations change the way the student is instructed. Students with disabilities may need accommodations in such areas as instructional methods and materials, assignments and assessments, time demands and schedules, learning environment, assistive technology and special communication systems. Documentation of the accommodations requested and provided should be maintained in a confidential file.